The Geneal Knowledge about Silk Road

Silk Road Background
Boundless sand, caravan walking alone, foreign dancing girl, doughy tribes, routhless horses bandits in dersert .....for thousands of years, the nobilities, peddlers and menial servants, beggars and prisoners all left their marks here. In the time 2,000 years ago without any modern means of transport such as railway and planes, etc. a "passage" connecting Europe and Asia had been created. Silk, fur, religion... were delivered and exchanged on the "passage". By which Asia and Europe, the Oriental and the West, were tied together. The "Passage" is just Silk Road. It is not only a bridge for trade on the Eurasian continent, but also a path of ethnic migration of human, and also the place of exchanging and gathering of the Oriental Culture and the Western Culture.



The concept of Silk Road was first suggested in 1877 by Ferdinand von Richthofen, a German geographer, to specify the road for transporting silk west to Rom from China and the transport between the Oriental and the West generally. Silk Road consists of several branches. For a l ong time, Silk Road, starting from Chang'an (Xian today), westward by the way of Hexi Corridor, out of the western region to Central Asia then to the Roman Empire, was considered as the holy road for exchanges between the Oriental and the Western, namely the desert Silk Road.

Three Routes of Silk Road

Generally Silk Road is divided into three sections: east setion: from Luoyang (more information from Luoyang travel guide), Chang'an to Yumen Pass and Yangguan Pass; middle section, from the west of Yumen Pass and Yangguan Pass to Congling (Pamir Plateau today); and west section: westward from Congling, via Central Asia, Western Asia till to Europe. Of which the middle section passing through Xinjiang also consists of three routes, namely southern route and northern route. The southern route starts east from Yangguan Pass, along southern brink of Takimakan Desert, Via Ruoqiang, Hotan and Shache, etc to Congling; the central route starts from Yumen Pass, along northern brink of Takimakan Desert via Lop Nur, Turpan, Yanqi, Kuqa, Aksu and Kashi to Fergana Basin; the northern route starts north from Anxi, via Hami, Jimusar and Yining till Suyab.

Historical Sites along the Silk Road


Thousand years had passed over sounding camel bell, and no one knows how many city walls and stories were buried in sand. As a trace of the history that was splended in thousand years, 19 national key conservation cultural relics along Xinjiang section of the Silk Road stand to tell you something of the history, namely Jiaohe Ancient City, Gaochang Ancient City, Astana Ancient Tombs, Taizang Tower Site, Baizeklik Grottoes, Qigxing Buddha Temple Site, Milan sites, Subashi Buddha Temple, Senmusaimu Grottoes, Kezer Gaha Beacon-Fire, Kezer Grottoes, Id Kah Mosque, Niya site, Andier Ancient City site, Rewak Buddha Temple site, Mazatag Garrisoning Castle site and Damagou Buddha Temple.

Nowadays, many adventure-lovers choose Silk Road to trace the history during Trips to China, so if you are interested in history of Silk Road, you can consider Xinjiang to explore more.

Discover the Fascinating Primitive Art Treasure in Shaanxi

Shaanxi, the land nurturing numerous ancient capitals in history, possesses profound and diverse folk cultures, which are as deep and broad as te Loess Plateau and as vibrant and polymorphous as the Yellow River.

Chang'an Guyue (Ritual Music)
Chang'an Guyue is the music performed in China's ancient imperial palaces. The precious musical heritage is well preserved and reputed as "the living fossil of ancient Chinese music." Moreover, it is enlisted into Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.



Qinqing Opera
Qinqiang Opera is a very popular Northwest China for its rich artistry. It is highly expressive with unique tones to convey specific emotions and remains as one of the favorite operas for people in northwest China.



The Everlasting Regret
The Everlasting Regret has ten acts belonging to tour parts, which is a reproduction of the romantic love story of Emperor Tang and his beauty Yang. Crowned the China's first large-scale real-scene historical dance drama, the great hit has won several top accolades in domestic tourism cultural performances.



Tang Music and Dance
It is a show demonstrating the artistic rhythm of music and dance in Tang dynasty. It covers eight parts including Raiment of Rainbows and Feather Dance, the King of Qin Breaks through the Battle Line, etc. among which the most renowned one is the Song of Spring Warbler. It is accompanied with drum, bell, classival folk music orchestra and recitation in old Chinese. It is really a fantastic performance of ancient music and dance in Tang dynasty.

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Discovering and Tasting the Distinctive Food in Xian II

Shuipen Lamb

Known as "June refreshment",Shuipen Lamb is the most favorite summer food for people in Central Shaanxi. The lamb, stewed in the soup stock, tastes soft and delicious. It is often served in hot soup with chopped fresh corander, sesame, pancakes along with fresh garlic, and pickled Chinese cabbage. No one can resist the temptation of this delicacy.



Hulu Chicken

Hulu Chicken is well known for its cripsy skin, tender meat and robust flavor. What is highly hailed is that the whole roast chicken is easily split into pieces with chopsticks. It has such savory and lingering aftertaste that it is considered to be rare dish among all the chicken dishes. It is highly acknowledged to be "the Best Taste in Chang'an" for its robust smell that fills up the room.



Varieties of Noodles

A central Shaanxi folksong has it: "Dust drifts over the 800-Li central Shaanxi Basin, where 30 million Shaanxinese are singing the Qin Opera; they are overjoyed with a large bowl of wide noodles, yet would moan and groan severely if not given the oil-fried chili". Shaanxi people are capable of making a wide variety of noodles out of flour, including oil-sprinkled noodles, Ma Shi, Biang Biang noodles, chopstick noodles, etc.. When in Shaanxi, you are in a world of noodles where you can enjoy all different noodles. The rich and varied assortment of noodles will surely bring a feast to both your eyes and your nose.



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Discovering and Tasting the Distinctive Food in Xian I

Beef and Lamb Paomo
Beef and Lamb Paomo is the most distinctive and popular food in Xian (must-see destination during China travel deals). It used to be called "Lamb Broth" in ancient times. Su Shi, a famous poet in Song Dynasty,once wrote a peom which goes like this "Gansu Province is well known for preserved bearmeat whereas Shaanxi Province for Lamb Broth". Beef or Lamb Paomo features spicy and savory taste, tender meat and lingering taste. Thick chili sauce and pickled sweet garlic gives out a particular flavor in Paomo which is rare and top nourishing delicacy.
 

Pork Intestine Paomo
Originated from "boiled intestines" as a popular Song-dynasty street snack, Pork Intestine Paomo claims to be unique for its savory soup, delicious taste and special smell. What makes this food more famous is its unique way of cooking and eating: tender pork intestines and snow-white glass noodles are cooked in pord soup first, and then chopped fresh green corianders are added to the soup for better flavor. Generally, it is served in a thick hue porcelain bowl to hold the heat. Definitely, you will derive immense satisfaction from this special local food.



Guangtang Bao (Steamed Dumpling with Juicy Stuffing)
Shaanxi (the home of lots of historical spots and attracts many tourists during China Holidays) is famous for all types of dumplings among which Guangtang Bao is a typical Musim food with either beef or lamb stuffing. In order to keep the soup inside the wrapper, the dumpling mustn't get stuck on the bamboo steamer. The authentic steamed dumplings are exquisitely made with tender beef or lamb and savory soup inside and thin and translucent wrapper. They taste fatty but not greasy. To enjoy this is also rather complicated. Only if you taste it youself, can you understand its charm.



Rou Jia Mo
Rou Jia Mo is a highly acclaimed delicacy for its non-greasy melt-in-the-mouth lean meat and lingering aftertaste.



Dumpling Banquet
Molding of the dumplings employs such techniques as dough modeling, sculpting, combing and embellishing. There are different shapes like flowers, birds, fish and insects and each piece of artwork. More often than not, diners are filled with admiration of the superb skills with which they feel it a pity to pop the artistically made dumplings into their mouths.

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China's Kekexili applies for world heritage

China's remote western Kekexili nature reserve has started work on an application for world natural heritage status, said the local government on Saturday.

Qinghai Province selected Kekexili from a number of candidates including the Kunlun Mountains, Qinghai Lake, the Qaidam Basin and Sanjiangyuan - "source of three rivers".

Qinghai plans to compete all preparatory work by May 2017 for the application.

Kekexili, also known as Hoh Xil, is a 45,000 sq kilometer reserve that encompasses China's largest area of uninhabited land. It is home to several endangered species, including Tibetan antelope.

China currently has 47 sites on world heritage lists.

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Travel News: 2014 China International Tourism Mart

China International Tourism Mart has aroused widespred concern in tourism industry. As an annual event, this is Shanghai and Kunming in rotation. CITM 2014, jointly organized by China National Tourism Administration, Shanghai Municipal People’s Government and Civil Aviation Administration of China, is held in Shanghai New International Expo center from November 14 to November 16. China will promote travel to countries along the Silk Road in 2015, according to the latest decision by the China National Tourism Administration.

Tourism marketing and promotion in China next year will focus on travel products related to the Silk Road concept.

The State Council, China's cabinet, released guidelines to promote tourism in August, urging better cooperation and more exchanges with countries in Central Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia.

ChinaTour.com aslo take part in the mart and promotes all our tour packages.

The video is recorded by our colleague

Tibet travel experience - Sangding Temple

Located in Langkazi Town, Langkazi County, Sangding Temple is on the south side of the east-south mounain in front of the Yamdrok Lake. At about 200 meters southeast of the temple is the Yamdrok Lake which is south oriented and several kilometers away from Langkazi County (an optional destination for China travel deals).

The temple is constructed with rocks by using hte circumstance of the mountain. The original building was destroyed in 1966, and the present buildings like the palace was reconstructed in 1985 based on the original foundation.


Presently the main palace is 29m wide from east to west and 32m long from south to north, including corridor, vestibule, aisle, scripture hall, Buddha palace, Ganzhu Lakang, warehouse and kitchen. The scripture has 12 columns and the Buddhist palace has two.

Sangding Temple is the Buton School of the Tibetan Buddhism. Since the first generation, Living Buddha Duojie Pamu Buton Quelie Najie until now, there are totally 12 generations of living Buddha. The living Buddha is decided by incanation and the present living Buddha is the member of the prefectural political consultative conferrence and the Buddhist Association. Among the cultural relics in the temple, the most important are two well preserved large paintings on silk. In addition, there are also some stone and copper statues, such as the statues for Kwan-yin, Dumu and Duojie Pamu.

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An optional destination after visiting Terracotta Army - Huangqing Pool

Huangqing Palace, an optional for China travel deals, has become famous for the love story between Emeperor Xuangzong of Tang Dynasty and his imperial Concubine Yang. In the zone to the east of Huaqing Hot Spring, there is a horizontal tablet with the golden inscription "Huangqing Chi" by Guo Moruo. There are buildings such as Lotus Pavilion, Rosy Cloud Pavilion and Five-Room Hall. The tablet of Eulogy to the Hot Spring carved on the stone cliff has been rated as the masterpiece among the treasured Chinese tablets. The middle zone houses the museum of the imperial hot springs of Huaqing Palace with the bathing pools named repectively as Lotus, Crab Apple, Princ, Retinue and Constellation, and there is also a room displaying the cultural relics. The west zone contains the Nine Dragon Bathing Pool, the Rosy Cloud Palace and the large mural painting titled"Concubine Yang Yuhuan receives the imperial edict at Huaqing Palace".

Every night the show, the large-scale historical play of its kind in China, title Everlasting Regret is performed here with the real mountain and water as background. And with reference to the original location and apperance, the show vividly illustrates the love story about Emperor Xuanzong and his imperial Concubine Yang.

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Learn the Tibetan Customs - Etiquette between the teacher and students

"Teacher" is a very sacred title, who enjoys a leading social status in Tibet (many tourist choose to have Tibet Travel). Those who contributed greatly to society, with rich knowledge, good moral and prestiges are generally regarded as "teacher".

One shall take off had, hold it in front of his chest and then bow to him/her with greeting in a polite way when meets a teacher. One should step aside to let the teacher walk first.

Open curtains before a teacher comes in.

As a teacher comes to a student's home, he/she needs to stand up till the teacher is seated. After then, the students shold pour up wine and prepare tea for the teacher. Often the student should serve the teacher and keep adding tea to pouring up wine untill he/she is allowed to sit by teacher.


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Learn Tibetan Customs - Oath of Tibetan

To seriously take an oath is a tradition of Tibetan. An ancient book of Tang Dynasty depiected the content of an oath made by Tu Shan Tsanpo who took an oath with his ministers, using a sheep, a dog and a macaque as sacrifice to cut their legs before the King, then spliting their intestines and ordered some wizard to declare to the deities of the sun, the moon and stars that all deities judged who would have the same consequence like the sheep if breaking hte oath.

Today, Tibetan has taken an oath seriouly as before. To swear has two kinds, one is to swear by words, the other is to swear by hads. To take an oath by words is to make oath orally and to take an oath by hands it to make the oath by using gestures or objects. In Tibet (many tourists like Tibet Tours), people usually swear when they make friends, demonstrate the innocence, decide to keep secrets, meditate disputes and confide in belief. Oral oath generally is that " Gong jue song" means that swear is made under the fame of Triratna; "Qiao ren bu" means swear is made by the fame of Budda Bakyamuni. In addition, some oaths are made by fame of local land deities, some are made by the fame of parents and children. Oaths of the latters are very burdened ones because their relatives are put into the oath, and not only the person but also the relatives will be impaired if one breaks the swear. It is complicated in taking an oath by gestures that is generally finished through religious ritual, for instance, to take an oath by putting a Buddhism scripture on one's head, knelt to Buddha sculpture, main Buddha sculpture or living Buddha.

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Tibetan Customs - etiquette between the senior and the junior

When you have Tibet Tours and visit local family, you should know the following.
Tibetan values most about the etiquette between the senior and the junior. Respecting the elderly and caring for the young is valuable tradition of Tibetan since ancient time.

No matter in family or on any social occasion, one should strictly follow the rule of senior priority that the senior walks first, be seated first and in a high seat, talks first, eats and drinks first.

The junior must completely follow the senior's words. As an ancient percept goes that the senior's teaching is more valuable than gold.

It is necessary for the junior to talk in respect tongue with the senior, and cannot call their names directly. When a senior is going to talk to a junior, in no where , the junior should not pretend to avoid it but reply to one patiently, can not even lie.

As the senior come to one's family, all family members need to stand up till the senior is seated.


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Learn the various kinds of Tibetan Dance Music

Tibetan dance music has various forms and distinct features and lyrics have extensive contents such as chanting, eulogy for sun, moon, stars, rivers and land, also for women's looks, costumes, missing relatives, blessing for meeting together and praying for all the best as well as religious contents, etc. Since 1950s, ordinary people have composed many lyrics reflecting new life.

Guoxie, an ancient singing and dancing performance, means singing and dancing in a circle, which is very popular. It is also called suo in Sagya area, bo or boqiang in Gongbu area, Zhuo or zhuoguo commonly known as guozhuang in pasturing areas of nothern Tibet, Kang and Anduo area (less visited for last minute China travel deals). People who perform this dance sing while dancing with hands in hands and shoulders by shoulders without accompanying music instrument.
Duixie is a singing and dancing performed in western Tibet and dui means high land,the Yarlung Tsangpo areas from western Shigatse to the entire Nagari prefecture. Duixie is exceedingly popular in Lhasa area, originally only accompanied by zhamu nie instrument and later develops to have a small band as accompaniment.

Xianzi, called Ye, yi or kang xie in Tibetan, is popular in Kang and Wei area of Tibet. Men play horn bu or er hu instrument and lead dancer in front of performers so it is known as xian zi. Xian zi is famed for elegant melody, rich track and stretch dance.

Langma is mainly popular in Lhasa (must-see destination for Tibet Tours) area, with elegant melody in music part, and performances accompanied by simple dance. It features warm and lovely, light stretch in dance part that performers only dance without singing.

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Tibetan Customs - Etiquette of Children to Parents

Learn some Tibetan customs before your Tibet Tours, the following is about children's respecting their parents.

In family, children must respect their parents. They must follow their parents' words obediently even if their words are not all correct. Not to mention contradicting.

Children must stand by and greet parents and the elderly when they are back home, and help them place the belongings, like hat, shoes, and prepare tea, wine for them warmly. All these are required to be done with politeness and courteous.
It is not allowed that children should interrupt while parents are talking with their guests.

It is now allowed that children should sit in their parents' seats even they are not in.

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Travel Guide - Yumbu Lakang

Yumbu Lakang is the oldest palace in Tibet. It was built by Nyatri Tsanpo, the first Tibet Tours Tibetan king, in the 2nd century B.C. It was also the burial ground for kings of the Tubo Kingdom between the seventh and ninth centuries. The palace plays an important role in the origin of Tibetan history and culture.
Yumbu Lakang Palace China travel service sits atop a small hill east of the Yarlong River and faces west. Therefore from the palace you will also enjoy a bird's eye view of the beautiful Yarlung Valley.

In Tibetan "Yumbu" means female deer, and "Lakang" means holy palace. Taken together "Yumbu Lakang" means "the palace built on a doe's leg". It is named this because the hill the palace is built on resembles a deer leg.

Legend says that in the fifth century a Buddhist sutra fell from the sky onto the roof of Yambu Lakang China tour deals. Nobody could read the book. However a sage predicted it would be interpreted between the 7th and 8th centuries, so the sutra was well kept in the palace. It is legends like this that gives Tibet much of its rich culture and fascinate tourists from around the globe.

Tibetan kings and their ministers are enshrined in a small palace mausoleum. The mausoleum's upper floor holds a small chanting hall, which houses statues of Sakyamuni and Chenrezi. A mural gallery uses vivid pictures to depict Nyatri Tsenpo's arrival from the sky as well as many other historical Tibetan legends.

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Travel Guide - Yamdrok Yumtso Lake & Yumbu Lakang

Yamdrok Yumtso Lake
Yamdrok Yumtso Lake is considered to be one of the holy lakes of Tibet Tibet Tours together with Lake Namtso and Lake Manasarova. It lies at Nhagartse on the southern bank of the Yarlong Tsangpo River, about 100 kilometers (62 miles) southwest of Lhasa. Surrounded by Mt. Nyinchenkhasa, Mt. Chetungsu, Mt. Changsamlhamo and Mt Kampala, Yamdrok Yumtso Lake is the biggest freshwater lake of Shannan. With an altitude of 4441 meters (14,570 feet) above the sea level, Yamdrok Yumtso Lake ranks among the highest lakes in China. Covering an area of about 630 square kilometers (155,676 acres), the beautiful lake is abundant in fish. Many isles distributed in the lake providing comfotable inhabitancies for various birds species. Grasslands around the lake are also perfect place for feeding livestock. The Sangding Monastery located to the south of the lake is quite special. The only female Living Buddha of Tibet has been in charge of it.
The holy lake China tour deals is also a destination for the hundreds of pilgrims. Devout believers trek by the lake every year.
Yumbu Lakhang

Yumbu Lakhang, meaning 'the palace on the leg of a female deer', stands on the top of a small hill, 12 kilometers (7.5 miles) southwest of Tsedang China travel service. The castle is believed to be the earliest imperial dwelling in Tibet and the residence for the first Yarlong King, Nyatri Tsenpo. Later it became the summer palace of King Songsten Gampo and Princess Wen Cheng. During the reign of the fifth Dalai Lama, it became a monastery of the Yellow Hat Sect. The sculptures of the Tibetan Kings and their officers are enshrined in a chapel; Sakyamuni and Chenrezi are also worshiped here. Delicate murals on the wall describe the early history of Tibet. The most famous one depicts the first King, the first construction and the first plowland of Tibet. A spring, lying in the gully to the east of Yumbu Lakhang, has never dried up and is believed to have the magic power of curing illnesses. Pilgrims and visitors who want to drink its water can rent a car to get here.

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Learn something about Sichuan Opera

Sichuan Opera is a famous drama opera of the Han people prevailing in the southwestern China, including Sichuan China Sichuan Tours, Guizhou and Yunnan provinces. With a long history, many traditional repertoire, rich music and superb performance, Sichuan Opera is a radiant pearl in the treasure house of the Chinese opera. Changing Faces is a unique skill of Sichuan Opera, appearing almost magical to enthralled audiences. It is an important component part of the Sichuan Opera and the art treasure created and passed down by the Sichuan Opera artists in the past dynasties. The Sichuan Opera is composed of five tones, including Gaoqiang, Kuqu, Huqin, Tanxi and Dengdiao.
Magical Face Changes in Sichuan Opera
The most famous technique in Sichuan Opera is the face changing, which contains several ways of wiping, rubbing, blowing, drawing, wearing and pulling. Before the actor performing on the stage, their face should be colored into different patters with different colors to show the identity, the appearance and the characteristic of the figure. In the history of the Sichuan Opera, there was no professional facial make up painter. So, all of the facial make-up are painted by the actors themselves. On the basis of keeping the fundamental characteristics of the character, the actors can draw the facial make-up creatively according to their personal characters tics. Therefore, they can catch the eye of the audience. The personality and the diversity of the facial make-up are rare to see in other operas. In addition, the way of drawing the facial make-up is inherited by the teacher telling the apprentice orally. Since it was taught orally and is the magical weapon to win, the way of drawing the facial make-up are lacking of the image record in the Sichuan Opera face changing history. Face changing is a magical art China tour deals . Actors change more than 10 masks in less than 20 second.
The Diversity Tones of Sichuan Opera
Sichuan Opera is composed of five tones, including Gaoqiang, Kuqu, Huqin, Tanxi and Dengdiao. Among which, only the Dengdiao began in the mainland as early as the Three kingdoms period (220-280), while, the others are introduced form other places. The Sichuan Opera takes the best of other music and operas and intakes the nutrition of the three dimensional system of the whole nation. Mingle with the local dialect of Sichuan, tones and music, the Sichuan Opera are expressed into a local opera music in various ways, which is rich in the content and vigorous in the structure.
The Skills of Face Changing
There are several ways of wiping, rubbing, blowing, drawing, wearing and pulling. Normally, the wiping, blowing and pulling are frequently used. Wiping is a way of painting the cosmetic oil in a particular area of the face. When performing, wiping the face by hand, the face will be changed to other color. If the whole face is to be changed, then paint the cosmetic oil in the forehead or the eyebrows. If the lower half of the face is to be changed, then paint the cosmetic oil in the checks or nose. The opera “the legend of lady white” is applied with the way of wiping.
Blowing is a way of putting the powder cosmetic China Holidays, including the golden, silver and ink powders in to a specific box. When performing, the actor only need to draw near and blow the box, the powders will stick to the face. When blowing, one must close the eye and the mouth. In some opera, the powder is put in to a goblet placed on the stages. The actor only needs to do an action of falling, then the powder would stick to their face. Pulling is the more complicated way. The facial make-up are painted on pieces of damask, cut well, fastened with a silk thread and pasted to the face one by one. The silk thread is fastened in a place, where is easy to get and inconspicuous, for example, on the waistband. With the progress of the story, the facial make-up is pulling one by one. The adhesive stick on the facial make-up should not be too much in case of hard to pulling. The pulling action should be clean and agile, which can cheat the audience’s eyes.


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Learn something about Ancient Chinese Escort Agency Museum

Ancient Chinese Escort Agency Museum is located on No.61 of South Street in Pingyao ancient town (must-see for China Holidays), the former site of the real escort agency in early Qing dynasty. As a unique culture in ancient China, the museum gave a great presentation of the escort agency industry. There are 10 exhibition rooms inside with different thems, tourists can get a better understanding of the history of escort agency as well as some interesting historical materials.

It it well known that the traffic was very inconvenient in ancient times, thus long distance trip could be a little risky and dangerous. That's when escrot agency came to swtich the situation. People especially businesmen paid for their trip to the escort agency then hit the road with some great kongfu guys safeguarding them and their items. Pingyao was a place with large population and less land, therefore a ton of the locals decided to go outside and make their fortune. When they were rich, they would bring the money home, at this time a escort agency was needed in case they bumped into some robbers.

The escort agency usually take water route and land route. Land route has south and north route, south is mostly the plain area, north is more like desert and prairie.A great safe guard requires a lot of good abilities. Not only he need to master great Kongfu, but also need to read the lips, as known as jargon, to communicate with robbers and stealers in distanct mountain areas.

Stepping in the musum for your China travel deals, the first thing come into sight are some ancient guarding carts. One special character of these carts is they only got two wheels, also called two-wheel cart. It might be a little difficult to keep balance of such carts, but it is covenenient when using on bumpy mountain road. Above the cart stands a small triangle flag, with the first name of the head safe guard on it. By doing this, the robber know who they are dealing with when they try to start a fight, if it’s from a famous escort agency, they probabaly would just escape.

Here tourists can see the ten most famous escort agencies in ancient China, each one got some awesome safeguards. Inside the room there exhibits a lot cool ancient weapons, some of them are so rare that I could put a finger on it. Just looking at their name already gives me chills, heart-digging claw, square-sky drawn spears, and the heaviest one called octagonal hammer.

Those safeguards are good at fight on horse, or in a cart, with various weapons such as spears, knives, arrows and others. If they found there was thistles and thorns on the road, they knew some robbers hiding somewhere and a fight was coming up next. Generally speaking, for those who wants to run a successful escrot agency, there are three baisc neccessities: having government as a rock solid back, ability of handling well with robbers, mastering great kongfu attracting more and more visitors for their Luoyang travel. Missing one you wouldn’t make a great safeguard.